Our Research

The brain must transform sensory signals into a neural code that drives perception and behavior.

Animated mouse smelling a block of cheese.

Background Segmentation

Distinguishing a percept from others in the background.


Concentration Invariance

Recognizing an odor as the same whether it's near or far away.


Concentration Sensitivity

Optimizing detection of the concentration changes.

Our hypothesis is that the olfactory bulb is critically involved in carrying out these functions.





Odor detection begins by the transmission of sensory cues into the olfactory bulb.


Animated mouse acompanied by a cross section of the olfactory bulb and then a drawing of the sensory input coming into the bulbs.


Odor Transduction

Inhaled odors bind to receptors located in the nasal cavity.



Odor Processing

Odor information is sent to the bulb (red) where it is transformed and transmitted to the rest of the brain (green).

We study how sensory information is transformed across this circuit.





Genetically encoded sensors are fluorescent proteins that report cellular activity.


Microscope images with of the encoded sensors in fluorescent green and blue.

A line graph of the Voltage vs. Calcium in vivo odor response.


Genetic targeting allows measurements of functional activity from different cell types.





Multi-color 2-photon imaging to simultaneously measure activitiy in different cell types


Drawing of the input/output axons followed by the Microscope images of them and their input/output in fluorescent dye.




Functional transformations within the bulb


Distance/Time vs Perception/activity line graph showing odor concentration, background Segmentation, and concentration Invariance.

Microscope images showing the input and output within the bulb when concentrations go from low to high.

Concentration sensitivity

Odor representations are stable across concentrations.


Microscope images showing the input and output within the bulb when odor experience goes from 1st to 2nd.

Background adjustments

Bulb processing generates background adjustments.